Diabetes And Coronary Heart Disease - 1228 Words

Diabetes is a disease from which numerous other health complications can arise. In their article, â€Å"Diabetes and Coronary Heart Disease: A Risk Factor for the Global Epidemic,† Chilha, Njeim, Chedrawy (2012) state that diabetes can lead to a plethora of various other illnesses. These diseases not only affect the United States as a whole, but developing countries as well (Chilha et al., 2012, pp. 697,240). Developing countries have had increasing cases of diabetes that have led to a number of other health complications including hypertension, a disease that is characterized by an increase in arterial blood pressure. Haffner and colleagues discuss in their article, â€Å"Mortality From Coronary Heart Disease In Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes And In Non-Diabetic Subjects With and Without Prior Myocardial Infarction,† if diabetic patients who have not had a myocardial Infarction (MI) should be aggressively treated for cardiovascular risk factors as with non-diabetic pat ients who have had an MI . This supports that diabetes does indeed lead to an increased risk for coronary heart disease. Lakka et al. (2002) also support this claim in their work titled, â€Å"The Metabolic Syndrome and Total and Cardiovascular Disease in Middle-aged Men.† Each work analyzes diabetes and its associated health complications in different ways using experimental and statistical data. However, all come to the common conclusion that diabetes does increase one’s risk for developing coronary heart disease. CertainShow MoreRelatedOutline Of A Study : Protocol : A Phase 4 Controlled Study Of Coronary Heart Disease1734 Words   |  7 PagesOutline of a Study Protocol: A Phase 4 Controlled study of Coronary Heart disease in Diabetes and other complications Research question: Does the blocks in Coronary Vessels is treated with Vitamin E and Aspirin? Does it affect Hypertension and Renal failure? In diabetics ACE inhibitors are used to avoid Renal damage but even after precautious medication renal damage is high. Coronary heart disease is highly prevalent and a major cause of morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients. The aim of thisRead MoreHuman Body Continuously Need Blood Supply Essay965 Words   |  4 Pagesdisturbed the normal flow of blood like ECG rhythm, congestive heart failure, hypertension, gestational hypertension, mitral valve prolapse, coronary artery disease, and peripheral vascular disease, which are also the exemplars of perfusion. There are many risk factors that can be modified to prevent the perfusion problem. Blood pressure greater than 140/90 is known as hypertension. Excessive sodium intake, hyperlipidemia, obesity, diabetes, extreme tobacco and alcohol use, over activity of sympatheticRead MoreA Brief Note On Patients With Coronary Heart Disease : How Do Statins Work And Why Are They Considered1441 Words   |  6 PagesStatins are used to treat patients with coronary heart Disease. How do statins work and why are they considered So beneficial for people with heart disease. Before we consider the role of statins in people with Coronary Heart Disease (CHD), it is important to understand the pathophysiology of CHD and its impact on people’s health. Coronary Heart disease is a condition in which fatty deposits accumulate in the cells lining the wall of a coronary artery, therefore obstructing the blood flowRead MoreCoronary Artery Disease ( Cad ) Essay1458 Words   |  6 PagesCoronary artery disease (CAD): Cardiovascular diseases has affected large number of population worldwide and in developed countries it is responsible for half of all deaths and coronary artery disease (CAD) alone is responsible for 1 of every 4.7 deaths in the United States (Eichner et al., 2002). Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) extended to involve the developing countries also this is probably due to change in life style and dietary habits, one of the examples in developing countries is India wereRead MoreThe General Term Includes A Wide Range Of Cardiovascular Issues1505 Words   |  7 PagesThe general term includes a wide range of cardiovascular issues: included would be heart rhythm abnormalities, arteries hardening, congenital heart defects, and coronary artery disease and heart infections. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of medical death in the United States. Blocked or narrowed blood vessels and arteries can and will cause heart attacks, strokes and other cardiovascular. (1) Healthy cholesterol levels: Use the equation of HDL + LDL + 20% of the Triglyceride levelRead MoreDisease Trends and the Delivery of Health Care Services Essay1715 Words   |  7 PagesDisease trends and the Delivery of Health Care Services Dana Riddle HCA/240 April 20, 2013 Brian Eigelbach University of Phoenix Disease trends and the Delivery of Health Care Services The current age composition of the United States population according to the 2010 Census was 308.7 million people on April 1, 2010. There is an increase of 9.7 % since 2000. The data shows that the male population grew 9.9%, which is more rapidly than the female population, which was 9.5%. Out of 308.7 million peopleRead MoreDiabetes : Obesity And Lack Of Physical Activity986 Words   |  4 PagesDiabetes: Due to the insane rise of obesity and lack of physical activity there is an epidemic rate of diabetes, worldwide. Diabetes leads to increased risk of heart disease, kidney disease, stroke and infections. Increased physical activity and maintaining a healthy weight plays a critical role in the prevention and treatment of diabetes. With a staggering 300 plus million people worldwide with diabetes, statistics are predicting that diabetes will be the 7th leading cause of death in the worldRead MoreBlood Vessels Of The Body Form A Closed Delivery System958 Words   |  4 PagesBlood vessels of the body form a closed delivery system that begins and ends at the heart. There are three major types of blood vessels: arteries, veins, and capillaries. If any of those arteries or veins become damaged or blocked, you’ll be at risk of developing heart disease, heart attack or stroke. It’s important that you do all you can to take care of your circulatory system, and exercise is an invaluable tool that can help you keep the road to a long and healthy life free and clear. A healthyRead MoreAll About Coronary Artery Disease1010 Words   |  5 PagesAll about Coronary Artery Disease I. Introduction In this paper this author will discuss about the origin of coronary artery disease, its signs and symptoms, diagnostic procedures and treatment, prognosis and prevention, and how it affects lifestyle. The reason that this author chooses coronary artery disease as a topic for this paper is, she wants to know more about the coronary artery disease since it runs on her father’s side of the family. In fact, she lost both her great grandfather and oneRead MoreThe Government Should Control The American Peoples1386 Words   |  6 Pagesgovernment should control the American peoples’ diet. Poor diet choices result in increased health care costs which affects every tax payer in America. Poor diet contributes to obesity which results in an increase in a plethora of diseases. The cost of these diseases has a huge economic impact on the country. The government owes it to its citizens to control these costs through diet regulation. It also owes its citizens the opportunity fo r optimal health. Poor diets can lead to obesity. There

##dike, Sylvia Plath And Alice Walkers A P - 726 Words

Have you ever noticed a similar pattern in the outcome of a variety of literary works? A heros journey is a journey that the hero of the story takes and in a decisive crisis wins a victory, and then comes home changed or transformed. Many authors, such as John Updike, Sylvia Plath, and Alice Walker, show this ideal through some of their literary works. Although they may seem different, they all have a hero trying to settle a conflict in order to reach their main goal. In each of these stories, we are able to see a change in character by the protagonist. Authors such as Updike, Plath, and Walker, use literary devices such as imagery, setting, and allusion in their stories to show a journey that a their main character is taking. The hero of†¦show more content†¦After this she realizes that these heather birds represent uniqueness unlike the sparrows which are all the same. She returns to school and changes her thinking. This is a perfect example of the heros journey as we see Millicent realize her true self and changes completely. In these stories there are pivotal points where our main character or hero changes before going back home. We can see an example of pivotal points in the story Everyday Use by Alice Walker. In â€Å"Everyday Use† by Alice Walker the reader is informed that Dee, on of the main characters is attempting to reclaim her heritage from Africa, but in the process, she is also rejecting her immediate African American background, â€Å"A dress down to the ground†¦.Heat wave it throws out† (Everyday Use, Pg 317). We can see the narrators journey near the end of the story as she is ironically happy. Both the narrator and Maggie seem to be at peace in a way they werent in the beginning of the story, Therefore they have undergone a pivotal change in character. This experience is part of the heros journey. We are able to see a similar character conflict within these three different stories which proves that these characters have had to overcome certain obstacles. Many of the Settings in the stories are also the same and provide a look at how these authors use similar techniques to display a message. In the stories

Birmingham Airport Free Essays

Like any other airport, Birmingham International has enough competitors that want their own share of its market. The theory is the bigger the better, and better = more profit. †¦ This essay has been marked by one of our great teachers. We will write a custom essay sample on Birmingham Airport or any similar topic only for you Order Now You can †¦ www. markedbyteachers. com/gcse/business-studies/birmingham†¦ – Birmingham-Shuttlesworth International Airport at Sunset: Feb. 6, 2013 | al. com 1 of 8 Link to this photo | Comments about this photo essay The downtown skyline is shown as a business jet takes off at sunset from the Birmingham-Shuttlesworth International Airport in Birmingham, Ala. Wednesday, Feb. 6, 2013. (Mark †¦ photos. al. com/alcom_photo_essay/2013/02/birmingham-shuttlesworth†¦ – GCSE Birmingham International Airport – Location Coursework, Essay and Homework Help from Marked By Teachers. com †¦ Business Studies Case Studies Birmingham International Airport – Location †¦ This essay has been marked by one of our great teachers. You can read the full teachers notes when you †¦ www. markedbyteachers. com/gcse/business-studies/birmingham†¦ Birmingham-Shuttlesworth International Airport expansion | al. com BIRMINGHAM, Alabama–The $201 million expansion of the Birmingham-Shuttlesworth International Airport in progressing on schedule. These are new photos from inside Concourse †¦ 10 of 25 Link to this photo | Comments about this photo essay †¦ photos. al. com/alcom_photo_essay/2013/02/birmingham-shuttlesworth†¦ – Free Essays on Essay Atlanta International Airport 1 through 30 Quick Analysis Of The Denver International Airport Conspiracy essay. If EssayDepot does not allow images to be on display then I will upload a PDF version of this document †¦ CASE STUDY 1 : BIRMINGHAM INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT 1 †¦ www. essaydepot. com/documents/essay-atlanta-international-airport/1 – Operations Strategy Free Research Papers 61 – 90 Join Us Essay Topics Custom Term Papers Contact Top Camps Help †¦ NBS-2P2Y Operations Strategy and Management Seminar 1 Birmingham International Airport Case Study If you stand in the viewing gallery at Birmingham International†¦ ww. papercamp. com/group/operations-strategy/page-60 – [PDF] BIRMINGHAM? SHUTTLESWORTH INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT SPRING Adobe PDF BIRMINGHAM? SHUTTLESWORTH INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT SPRING SPRING Birmingham Airport Authority Board of Directors Front: Gaynell Hendricks, Chairwoman, Back row (left to right): Jeaniece Allen †¦ was the poster and essay topic †¦ www. flybirmingham. com/newsletter/On%20Course%20Spring%202013†¦ – How to cite Birmingham Airport, Papers Birmingham Airport Free Essays Like any other airport, Birmingham International has enough competitors that want their own share of its market. The theory is the bigger the better, and better = more profit. †¦ This essay has been marked by one of our great teachers. We will write a custom essay sample on Birmingham Airport or any similar topic only for you Order Now You can †¦ www. markedbyteachers. com/gcse/business-studies/birmingham†¦ – Birmingham-Shuttlesworth International Airport at Sunset: Feb. 6, 2013 | al. com 1 of 8 Link to this photo | Comments about this photo essay The downtown skyline is shown as a business jet takes off at sunset from the Birmingham-Shuttlesworth International Airport in Birmingham, Ala. Wednesday, Feb. 6, 2013. (Mark †¦ photos. al. com/alcom_photo_essay/2013/02/birmingham-shuttlesworth†¦ – GCSE Birmingham International Airport – Location Coursework, Essay and Homework Help from Marked By Teachers. com †¦ Business Studies Case Studies Birmingham International Airport – Location †¦ This essay has been marked by one of our great teachers. You can read the full teachers notes when you †¦ www. markedbyteachers. com/gcse/business-studies/birmingham†¦ Birmingham-Shuttlesworth International Airport expansion | al. com BIRMINGHAM, Alabama–The $201 million expansion of the Birmingham-Shuttlesworth International Airport in progressing on schedule. These are new photos from inside Concourse †¦ 10 of 25 Link to this photo | Comments about this photo essay †¦ photos. al. com/alcom_photo_essay/2013/02/birmingham-shuttlesworth†¦ – Free Essays on Essay Atlanta International Airport 1 through 30 Quick Analysis Of The Denver International Airport Conspiracy essay. If EssayDepot does not allow images to be on display then I will upload a PDF version of this document †¦ CASE STUDY 1 : BIRMINGHAM INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT 1 †¦ www. essaydepot. com/documents/essay-atlanta-international-airport/1 – Operations Strategy Free Research Papers 61 – 90 Join Us Essay Topics Custom Term Papers Contact Top Camps Help †¦ NBS-2P2Y Operations Strategy and Management Seminar 1 Birmingham International Airport Case Study If you stand in the viewing gallery at Birmingham International†¦ ww. papercamp. com/group/operations-strategy/page-60 – [PDF] BIRMINGHAM? SHUTTLESWORTH INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT SPRING Adobe PDF BIRMINGHAM? SHUTTLESWORTH INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT SPRING SPRING Birmingham Airport Authority Board of Directors Front: Gaynell Hendricks, Chairwoman, Back row (left to right): Jeaniece Allen †¦ was the poster and essay topic †¦ www. flybirmingham. com/newsletter/On%20Course%20Spring%202013†¦ – How to cite Birmingham Airport, Essay examples

Overview of Internetworking Empowering Digital Employee

Question: Discuss about theOverview of Internetworkingfor Empowering Digital Employee. Answer: Introduction In a project management, it is crucial to evaluate the opportunities, challenges as well as limitations for predicting the outcome of the particular project. Development of information and communication technology, application of internetworking helps to provide additional benefits to the organization. The study describes scopes, challenges and limitations involved in the project. In addition, in order to implement the project in hospitality industry, hardware requirements along with network design has been proposed in the present study. Scopes of the Project It is important to analyze scopes involved in the project. Advancement of internetworking technologies allows getting competitive advantages in the business. Implementation of Cisco solution can be helpful for the staffs and customers of the organization. The solution enables the customers to be responsive to the customers. Moreover, adoption as well as implementation of the technology can create application on premises and advanced service as well as promotes the employees of the organization [1]. It is required to capture and digitize in the hospitality industry that can be achieved with the help of this project. Moreover, the solutions can be helpful to advise guests in effective way. The e associates can develop virtual experts to give face-to-face concierge services on mobile devices. It assists the staffs answering questions of the customers regarding local environment, site-seeing and shopping as well as other excursions. Challenges in the Project It is crucial to identify the challenges for identifying the challenges in the organization. The Cisco solution is based on internet. Hence, disruption over the online service may break down the entire process. In addition, it is required to maintain balance in the work operation that has a chance for hampering in the project. Implementation of the project requires knowledge on the information technology [2]. Therefore, the services require training on the matter. The company needs to bear additional costs to use the project. These are the challenges may faced by the organization in order to implement the project in the organization. Requirements for the Project Implementation of the project requires hardware that has some specifications. Hardware required for the project is servers, computers, cables, modem, network router, cables as well as mobile devices. The personal computer needs to have Windows 7/8/10 operating system specification, 500 GB hard drive memory and mobile devices [3]. Database server as well as web server is required for the project. In addition, twisted pair cable of CAT5E series, manufactured by Prysmian Australia Pty Ltd are required for the project. M27500-20TET14 model number is required for the project. The cable has capability of 100 MBPS TPDDI and 155 Mbps ATM. Port used for connection is 23. In the project, unshielded twisted cables are used. Network Design in Netsim Figure 1: Diagram of network in the organization (Source: Created by Author) From the above diagram, it can be stated that there are two routers in the organization. Two switches are connected with the routers. From the switch 1, PCs of staffs are connected along with phone. On the other router, Router 4, phone and PCs are connected. Advantages of Proposed Design It is important to analyze benefits of the design that are implemented in the present project. The project enables the staffs helping the consumers in pro active way with the help of mobile devices. It can enhance the responsiveness with on-site Wi-Fi networks. Moreover, speed on-boarding training can be achieved with the help of the technology [4]. Implementation of the technology optimizes the staffing based on the traffic patterns as well as analytics. Limitations of the Project The major limitations of the project are disruption of online connection. As the entire project is based on online services, any issues in the online system can break down the system [5]. In addition, the hospitality industry is 24*7 hours service; any problems in the operation can disrupt the process. Conclusions From the above discussion, it can be said that analyzing scopes, limitation as well as challenges for the project. In addition, description of the needs is useful to implement the project in successful way. Analyzing limitation can allows finding out the issues and generating solution in order to overcome the issues involved in the project. References [1]L. Palinkas, C. Brown, L. Saldana and P. Chamberlain, "Association between inter-organizational consensus on use of research evidence and stage of implementation of an evidence-based practice",Implementation Science, vol. 10, no. 1, 2015. [2]E. Sta?czyk-Hugiet, "Business Strategies - Inter-Firm Network Perspective",Organization and Management, vol. 2011, no. 5148, 2011. [3]S. Tasselli, "Social Networks and Inter-professional Knowledge Transfer: The Case of Healthcare Professionals",Organization Studies, vol. 36, no. 7, pp. 841-872, 2015. [4]J. Vargas-Hernndez, A. De Len-Arias, A. Valdes-Zepeda and V. Castillo-Girn, "International Student Collaboration and Experiential Exercise Projects as a Professional, Inter-Personal and Inter-Institutional Networking Platform",JPAIR Institutional Research, vol. 2, no. 1, 2013. [5]H. Yu, T. Wen, H. Di, V. Anand and L. Li, "Cost efficient virtual network mapping across multiple domains with joint intra-domain and inter- domain mapping",Optical Switching and Networking, vol. 14, pp. 233-240, 2014.

PLACE Essays - Italy, Southern Europe, Italians, Apennine Mountains

PLACE Italy covers 116,320 sq. mi. (301,268 km). Italy lies in southern Europe on the Mediterranean sea. It borders France, Switzerland, Austria, and Yugoslavia. The Alps form Italy's northern and northwestern border. The Apennines occupy the center of Italy's boot-shape peninsula. The highest elevation is 15,521 ft. 58,167,000 people live in Italy. Central and southern Italy have hot summers and mild winters. Northern Italy has a slightly cooler summer than the rest of the country. But it is much cooler in the winter time than the rest of the country. HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTION People in Italy wear many different types of clothing. In central and southern Italy people wear short and long sleeves shirts and short and long pants. In northern Italy they wear long sleeve shirts and long pants and wear heavy jackets. The natural resources that the people mine are natural gas, marble, granite, feldspar, pumice, and sulfur. Many people come to Italy for shopping, fine food, and great sking. MOVEMENT There are many ways to get around Italy. Train, bus, car, boat, and airplane. Train is the best way to get around Italy. It's convenient, cheap, and fast. The original setters came from the Holy Roman Empire. REGION Vegetation in Italy is very large. Many different tress grow hear. Olive, orange, lemon, palm, fig, date, pomegranate, and almond are just a few of them. Italy has fewer varieties of animals than of plants. Some animals found in Italy are marmot, chamois, ibex, boar, wolf, bear, snakes, lizards, quail, woodcock, and partridge. The most common animal found in Italy is the bird. Also the scorpion is found here too. 98% of people in Italy speak Italian the rest speak German, French, and Slovene. HISTORY AND POLITICAL SCIENCE The type of government that Italy has is Parliamentary democracy. The president holds office for 7 years. Parliament has two houses- the Chamber of Deputies (630 members) and the Senate (315 members). Hear are some important dates in the history of Italy. 800 Pope Leo the 3rd crowned Charlemagne emperor of the Romans. 1300 The Renaissance began in Italy. 1796 Napoleon Bonaparte seized Italy for France. 1870 Rome became a part of Italy. 1871 Rome became the capital of Italy. 1915-1918 Italy fought on the Allies' side in World War 1. 1940 Italy entered World War 2. 1980 An earthquake struck killing more than 4,500. SOCIOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY 95% of the religion in Italy is Roman Catholic. Only 30% of Italians attend church regularly. Italy is rich with art, music, and literature. There are many famous paintings and sculptures in Italy. ECONOMICS Italy ?s agriculture grows grapes, wheat, beef, cattle, hogs, olives, corn, oranges, and tomatoes. They manufacturer clothing, shies, foods, beverages, motor vehicles, petroleum products, machinery, and chemicals. Italy makes 596,995,000,000 a year. Italy exports 157,102,000,000 a year. They import 158,181,000,000 a year. LOCATION 11 degrees east longitude and 45 degrees north latitude.

Absolute Monarchs essays

Absolute Monarchs essays Throughout the 16th and 17th Century the rise of many absolute monarchs is witnessed in which the live lives of much royalty and grandeur. Luxuriousness became a mere detail to the lives, and they built palaces the size of small cities. However, some of these monarchs became so caught up in their lives of extravagance that they threw their countries into great

Strategic Thinking and Entrepreneurial Behavior Case Study

Strategic Thinking and Entrepreneurial Behavior - Case Study Example At the origination Nokia had nothing in common through mobile phones. No doubt, the company was familiar as a business producing authority. Soon after, at the end of last century, more advanced technologies had been brought to light, such as invention of rubber and other related substances used in chemical processes. This led to formation of the Finnish Rubber Works. Moreover, worth mentioning is the rapid innovation in electricity augmentation toward companies and factories, the huge improvement of which contributed not only to the inception of the Finnish Cable Works in 1912, but also to the production of cables for the telegraph business and, in fact, it supported the development of a quite new device- telephone. Then in 1960 Electronic Department was established, this led up the company to a new stage in telecommunication business. In 1967, with the contribution of both Finnish Rubber Works and Finnish Cable Works, the original manufacturing industry founded Nokia Corporation. Th e '60s are considered to be an important period in Nokia's achievements as the initial and very successful approach of Nokia to the telecommunication market. In 1980's Nokia became a well-recognized industry manufacturing... The '60s are considered to be an important period in Nokia's achievements as the initial and very successful approach of Nokia to the telecommunication market. In 1980's Nokia became a well-recognized industry manufacturing not only telephones but also tremendous numbers of TV-sets, computers and monitors of the best quality. The first mobile telephone network was presented in 1981, in Scandinavia. Due to the fact that the primary cell phones were heavy and bulky, in 1987 Nokia came up with a new idea of producing more hand portable mobile devices. From 1987 till July 1st 1991 Nokia and the operators succeeded in adjusting GSM (digital standard able to deliver data with excellent voice level) through the whole Europe. The '80s and '90s were years of further changes in Nokia Industry, such as the appointment of Jarma Ollila to lead the company who from then on concentrated only on telecommunications in new digital era of technology. 3. Products And Services Nokia Corporation offers a well-developed variety of products and services , which completely satisfy consumers' needs and demands. The client is given a choice of products used outdoor, such as mobile phones. Apparently, there are about 40 different models available in the present market. All of the handsets have elegant and modish design. In addition, most of the telephones are small and portable; others include cameras, radios and digital music players. Apart from cellular, Nokia offers also land telephones, pocket radios, computer hardware, digital TV receivers and satellite carriers. Furthermore, Nokia offers Network products and services that are grouped into specific categories : - Broadband Access - Core Network - Narrowband Access -

Clinical Teaching Strategies Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Clinical Teaching Strategies - Assignment Example The clinical faculty even needs to know about the set method that the faculty member needs to follow in case of an emergency and they need to be informed about the technological requirements associated with their position. 2. In order to pursue the position of nursing clinical faculty an incumbent needs to be a licensed registered nurse of the state in which they are practicing and they even need to have a minimum two years of practicing experience as a clinical (Duke School of Nursing, 2011). Other than a license to practice the incumbent should at the minimum have a Bachelors’ of Science in nursing which is four year long program and is very essential as it helps students in preparing for a career in the field of nursing and even assist them in gaining further education in the same field. Higher preference is given by nursing educational institutes to those incumbents who have attained Masters’ of Science in

China Goodwill or Badwill Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

China Goodwill or Badwill - Essay Example Just as all the rising great powers in the world history does, China will have to take measures in order to survive and secure her position as a super. An increasingly powerful China is most likely going to try to dislodge the threat of the United States out of Asia. One scholar paints a picture of an ideal rising China who is more reasonable, flexible and nonviolent; another draws a dark image of a calculating rising China who is aware of her weaknesses (especially in the military capability), and who is wisely trying to extricate herself from the internal and external threats of these weaknesses so as to secure the commanding position in the global balance of power in the future. In lieu of the principles of debate, Mearsheimer's arguments shine through. He was able to defend his stance by providing public historical accounts of the actions of past powerful nations. However, this does not prove that Brzezinski's view is not well-founded. There are, in fact several scholars who share his notion of a reasonable and powerful China based from the country's present peaceful dealings. But just as Mearsheimer had stated, we cannot know what political reality is going to look like in the year 2025. At present, China's actions possibly is a sincere att empt for peaceful progress but 45 years from now when China has grown powerful and far-reaching, who will be capable of preventing them from trying to dominate Asia, prevent them from dictating the boundaries of acceptable behavior in their region and prevent them from translating their economic strength into military might that could create all sorts of trouble for the current regional hegemon that is the United States As competition in all aspects goes, one dedicated player strategizes and tries to outmaneuver his competitor in order to be on top. China is competing for economic prosperity and the United States is trying to preserve his position as title holder. Conflicts are inevitable. China is a threat to the United States. Goodwill or bad will It depends on the players' future behaviors. There will be inevitable frictions as China's role increases and as Chinese "sphere of influence" develops however, Brzezinski believes many negative consequences that often accompany the rise of new powers can be avoided. True. It is possible in an ideal world. Unfortunately, we are not living in one. Everything depends on the stage players' actions. According to Brzezinski, the current Chinese leaders appear much more flexible and sophisticated than many previous aspirants to great power status and therefore would not follow the path of violence like the past great nations have done. Mearsheimer rebuts that China is expected to act the same way as the US-She will want to maintain regional hegemony to get back Taiwan as well as dominate Asia the way US does Western hemisphere. In his words: Are they more principled, more ethical, less nationalistic or less concerned of their sur vival Mearsheimer believes China is none of these things. In my perspective however, who is Mearsheimer to assume authority over the Chinese leaders' intentions And again I state, China is a threat but the reality of this threat depends on the stage players' future actions. Over a decade ago, China did not enjoy full diplomatic relations with several countries due to border disputes, the June 1989 killing of civilians in Beijing, their public attempt to export their

Judges Power to Override Legislation

Judges Power to Override Legislation INTRODUCTION The issue of judges having the power to override legislation can be linked to Judicial Review (JR) which has been a point of debate between different scholars. To understand judicial review, one must look at the definition of democracy and the nature of it. Democracy as described by A Weale is a government whereby important public decisions on questions of law and policy depend, directly or indirectly, upon public opinion formally expressed by citizens of the community, the vast bulk of whom have equal political rights.[1] Democracy can be seen as a good way of choosing government and as such the government cannot infringe on the rights of the people. This relates to the social contract theory which was given by John Locke whereby the people have to agree to give up their freedom as long as the government agree to do what is mentioned in the contract. The social contract theory was created to protect the natural rights of the people. For a democracy to exist, the people must have rig hts and this is the major reason Judicial Review exists; to uphold these rights for the system to be democratic. Therefore, I will be supporting the notion that the courts should be given the power to scrutinize, not override legislation if it conflicts with the rights in the Bill of Rights. I will be looking at arguments for Judicial Review put forward by Dworkin as well looking at the arguments against it given by Waldron and I shall give my conclusion. DWORKINS THEORY Firstly, the bill of rights according to Dworkin are the clauses of the American constitution that protect individuals and minorities from government[2]. Therefore, these clauses must be given the moral reading. Dworkin gives meaning to the moral reading in his book Freedoms law: the moral reading of the American constitution[3]. He explains that the moral reading proposes that judges, lawyers and citizens should interpret and apply the abstract clauses on understanding that they invoke moral principles about political civility and justice[4].   The moral reading brings political morality into the heart of constitutional law but this is uncertain and controversial, therefore any system of government that makes such principles part of its law must decide whose interpretation and understanding will be authoritative[5]. In the American System Judges have that authority and in his book, Dworkin disproves the critics that suggest the moral reading of the constitution gives judges t he absolute power to impose their own moral convictions on the public[6]. Democracy means government by the people[7] as seen in Dworkins article but he did point out that there are two ways in which democracy can operate. The first is the majoritarian premise[8] and the second is the constitutional conception of democracy[9]. The majoritarian premise is of the view that political decisions and procedures should be made based on the favour of the majority or the plurality of the citizens provided that they have adequate information and enough time on reflection[10]. Dworkin rejects the view of the majoritarian premise. This is because even though it seems that most people in the United States of America have accepted the majoritarian premise, there are still some who believe that the majority should not always be the final judge[11]. The reason for this is that there are situations where individual rights need to be protected and the decisions should not be based merely on what the majority want. The premise supposes that it is unfair when the political majority does not always get their way[12] which is unfair to minorities and individuals. Dworkin looks to a different, better account of the value of democracy[13]. This is the constitutional conception of democracy[14]. This takes on the view that collective decisions should be made by political institutions whose structure, composition and practises treat all members with equal concern and equal respect[15]. This is done out of concern for the equal status of citizens and not out of commitment to the goals of majority rule[16]. This is one major reason Dworkin argues in favour of the courts. He believes that an independent body such as the judiciary can make decisions which respect not only the majority but also individual citizens. In relation to Dworkin proving that JR improves democracy, he proposes three arguments that favour the majoritarian premise and he rebuts each of these arguments which demonstrates that the majoritarian premise is undemocratic. However, only two of these arguments will be looked at. The first argument in favour of the majoritarian view is liberty. People that are in support of the majority view argue that allowing judges to strike down legislation can be perceived as undemocratic because it infringes on the right to liberty. The right to liberty includes the freedom of the people to govern themselves by electing political officials. Dworkin rebuts this argument in two forms which are the statistical collective action and the communal collective action.[17] A collective action is statistical when a group of people do that action as only a matter of individual interest, that is, doing it for their own selfish gains but it leads to a result that favours everyone in the community[18]. While a collective action is communal when it cannot be reduced to some statistical function of individual action[19]. This is a matter of individuals acting together consciously to bring about a result. Dworkin believes that if a loss of liberty should exist then the collective action should be communal not statistical. Loss of liberty to any individual would be negligible. The communal collective action brings about how an individual voter can identify with the community. The community as a whole must treat an individual with respect and as an equal[20]. This relates to the concept of moral membership. Moral membership is how an individual should be treated as part of the community as a whole. There are two features of moral membership; the first is structural[21] which explains that the community must have a shared culture, history and language. The second is relational[22] which emphasizes on individual rights. As a member of the community every individual must have political rights. If every member has these rights, then everyone should all be treated equally as a member of the community. This also means that people have a part in collective decision making, as well as a stake in what happens and they also have independence from it[23]. Dworkin believes that without these rights then democracy cannot exist. The second argument is community. From the majoritarian view the argument would be that if the view of the majority is overridden then citizens are deprived of the value of participating in communal decision making. Dworkin rebuts this by saying that citizens can also participate in the political process through other ways. One of such ways is the power that is given to the people by the constitution to form non-political communities such as religious, professional and social groups[24]. Dworkin refers to the first amendments association of protection that prohibits religious discrimination which enhances that power[25]. The second way is through influence; citizens may have more influence over a judicial decision by their contribution to public discussion of the issue than they would over legislative decisions just through voting or even a referendum[26]. Dworkin reaches the conclusion that there is no loss in democracy if the final say is left to judges, therefore he believes that Judicial review can improve democracy. WALDRONS THEORY Waldron takes on a different view regarding Judicial Review and democracy. In his article THE CORE OF THE CASE AGAINST JUDICIAL REVIEW[27]Waldron begins by saying JR is just the subjection of the legislature to the rule of law and then he goes further by drawing a distinction between strong and weak JR[28]. Strong JR is a system whereby the courts have the authority to override a statute in a particular case or modify the statute to make its application conform with individual rights[29]. While weak JR is a system whereby the courts do not have as much authority; the courts may scrutinize legislation for its conformity to individual rights but they may not decline to apply it[30]. Waldrons focus is on societies that have strong JR. In making his argument against JR, Waldron makes four assumptions about a society. In this society there is a functioning democratic system, a set of judicial institutions that is functional, a belief and respect for individual and minority rights and disagreement over the meaning of rights among members of the society[31]. It is the disagreement over rights that Waldron lays emphasis on. In a society, people will have disagreement about the compatibility of the legislation and rights and when these disagreements exist there needs to be an ultimate authority that can settle the disagreements about rights. Waldron looks to two sort of reasons that need to be taken into account in evaluating the decision-procedure for settling disagreement. These are the outcome related reason and the process related reason[32]. The process related reason[33] are reasons for insisting that a person makes a decision that stands independently of the considerations about the appropriate outcome[34]. It is all about the process and the way the outcome is reached.   In politics, the most familiar process-related reasons are those based on political equality and the democratic right to vote, the right to have ones voice counted even when others disagree with what one says[35].   Waldron continues his process related reason argument by saying that the legislature gives each person the greatest say possible which is compatible with an equal say for each of the others[36]. He believes that representative system satisfies the demand for political equality which is equal voice and equal decisional au thority[37]. Waldron believes that this is preferable to the outcome related reasons. Outcome related reasons[38] are reasons for making the decision procedure in a way that will ensure the appropriate outcome[39]. It focuses on which institution brings about the best outcome. Waldron gives three reasons that favour JR producing a better outcome and he gives his reply to each argument. The first is the orientation to a particular case. The issue of rights are presented to the judges in the form of flesh -and-blood individual situations[40]. Since the courts are dealing with individual rights it helps to see how an individual is affected by a piece of legislation[41]. Waldrons reply to this is by the time these cases reach the highest court almost all trace of the original flesh-and-blood right holders[42] has vanished[43]. The judges tend to view these cases in an abstract way and the courts address these issue in a more general way[44]. The second argument is the orientation to a text in the bill of rights[45]. Waldrons response to this is that a legal right that finds protection in a Bill of Rights finds it under the supports of some official form of words in which the provisions of the Bill are articulated[46]. The written creation of the Bill of rights tend to encourage a rigid word based formalism which the courts may try to interpret in an obsessive manner[47]. Waldron believes that this can be avoided in a system of legislative supremacy because legislators can take on the issue for themselves without reference to the Bill of Rights formulations[48]. He also makes one final point which is judicial reasoning may be distorted by an omission in the bill of rights[49]. He gives a scenario of a disagreement between positive (socioeconomic) rights and negative(liberty) rights which may alter Judges understanding of the rights included[50]. They may give more weight to positive rights than negative rights which may l ead to Judges striking down statutes that are trying to make up for the rights that failed to register in the formulation of the bill of rights[51]. The third argument that Waldron gives his response to is stating reasons[52]. He says that Courts are concerned with the legitimacy of decision making therefore they focus their reason giving on facts that show that they are legally authorized by constitution, statute, or precedent[53]. This counts heavily against the court in the outcome related argument about JR over legislation[54]. The courts are distracted by the legitimacy issue they pursue and as a result they lose track of the heart of the matter[55], whereas the parliament go directly to it[56] and their reasons are given in debates and are published in Hansard or Congressional record[57]. He gives the example of Roe v Wade[58] whereby none of the judges in the supreme court paid attention to the plaintiffs position that was being discussed[59]. Waldron reaches the conclusion that the legislature is a better process than the judiciary because it is a legitimate and fair way of deciding disagreements over rights. The Judiciary being a non-democratic institution does not uphold democracy. MY OPINION In a democratic system rights that are upheld can be found in the Bill of Rights. For the sake of the question it is the British bill of rights that will be considered. This brings up the issue of JR. Judicial Review gives the court the authority to scrutinize statute or in some cases override statutes if it is incompatible with the bill of rights. One thing to remember is that the court is a non-democratic institution. Looking at both sides of the argument they each carry weight; Dworkin is of the view that JR improves democracy while Waldron is of the view that the parliament is better suited to improve democracy. From Dworkins argument I understood the difference between the majoritarian premise and the constitutional conception of democracy. In his book Dworkin thought the constitutional conception of democracy was a better way for democracy to operate. The constitutional conception of democracy is a good idea which upholds individual rights. Judges can be seen as independent bodies that can make decisions and interpret the law in a consistent manner unlike the government. In regards to governmental bodies in Britain, it can be seen that the executive and the parliament have some form of connection. It is possible that the executives may exert pressure on parliament seeing as how they make the parliament accountable. This could create inconsistencies. Dworkins theory relates democracy to rights, according to him without rights there is no democracy. As an individual in a community you need to have the sense of moral membership and as such the community treats you with respect and as an equal which means that all voices are heard and everyone can fully participate in self-government which is a political right. In reality to gain equal membership in a community would be impossible. Waldron also brought up some compelling arguments against strong JR. His focus is on the right-based JR; he believes that the process of JR is unsuitable for a democratic society whose main problem is the disagreement over rights. He believes that the disagreement can be resolved by adopting procedures that respect the voices and opinions of individuals whose rights are at stake and this procedure is done by the legislation. I agree with most of Waldrons theory but I still question some of what he proposes. Waldron explains the process related reasons and outcome related reasons as considerations that are separate but there are certain circumstances whereby the process and outcome work together as one. If the outcome is a bad one, then that means the process reasons that gave that outcome authority are invalid. It can be seen in Waldrons article he refers to process-related reasons including fair elections, majority decisions and citizen participation. I think this argument is biased in favour of the legislature, this is because all the processes he mentions are naturally associated with the legislature; they are legislative practices. Waldron believes that JR is not a good final decision procedure because it does not make proper use of these practices. These practices are meant for legislative procedures. This is not a good argument against JR because the courts have their own process related considerations which are hearing out the cases of individuals who are represented by lawyers, looking to precedents, making decisions and if the individual is still unhappy with the outcome, there is always a chance for an appeal. Just because the process is different does not mean it is not legitimate. He gave the argument of courts getting distracted because they seek legitimacy. Judges interpret the laws to the best it can be and apply it to the cases of individuals. They look for legitimate reasons because they are trying to protect individual rights in accordance with law. I agree with his outcome related argument that refers to the orientation of the bill of rights. I also accept that, that much power should not be left to the courts without a body to question them seeing as they are unelected, but in Britain there is a hierarchy of courts and it can be seen that various cases are taken from the magistrate court to the crown court, sometimes high court and finally to the supreme court. I would like to think that the judges in these different courts check and balance each other out. This is because different courts usually disagree with some of the decisions made. In addition to this, I would also like to make a point regarding the magistrate courts. In England, the judges in the magistrate are made up of people that come from the community, since these people come from the community, they can relate to the issues of majority and minority and that creates a chance for a well-rounded decision. In conclusion I am of the view that Judges should be given the power to scrutinize, not override legislation if it conflicts with rights in the bill of rights. [1]A Weale, Democracy (2nd edn, Basingstoke, Palgrave, 2007) p14 [2] Ronald Dworkin, FREEDOMS LAW: THE MORAL READING OF THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION, (Oxford University Press, 1996) p7 [3]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Ronald Dworkin, FREEDOMS LAW: THE MORAL READING OF THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION, (Oxford University Press, 1996) [4] Ibid p2 [5] Ibid p2 [6] Ibid p2 [7] Ibid p15 [8] Ibid p15-16 [9] Ibid p15-16 [10] Ibid p16 [11] Ibid p16 [12] Ibid p17 [13] Ibid p17 [14] Ibid p17 [15] Ibid p17 [16] Ibid p17 [17] Ibid p19 [18] Ibid p19 [19] Ibid p20 [20] Ibid p17 [21] Ibid p24 [22] Ibid p24 [23] Ibid p24 [24] Ibid p29 [25] Ibid p29 [26] Ibid p30 [27] Jeremy Waldron, THE CORE OF THE CASE AGAINST JUDICIAL REVIEW (2006) 115 Yale L J 1346 [28] Jeremy Waldron, THE CORE OF THE CASE AGAINST JUDICIAL REVIEW (2006) 115 Yale L J 1346 p5 [29] Ibid p5 [30] Ibid p5 [31] Ibid p7 [32] Ibid p14 [33] Ibid p14 [34] Ibid p14 [35] Ibid p15 [36] Ibid p23 [37] Ibid p23 [38] Ibid p15 [39] Ibid p15 [40] Ibid p18 [41] Ibid p18 [42] Ibid p18 [43] Ibid p18 [44] Ibid p18 [45] Ibid p19 [46] Ibid p19 [47] Ibid p19 [48] Ibid p19 [49] Ibid p19 [50] Ibid p20 [51] Ibid p20 [52] Ibid p20 [53] Ibid p21 [54] Ibid p21 [55] Ibid p21 [56] Ibid p21 [57] Ibid p20 [58] Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973) [59] Ibid p21

The Oak Tree: A Symbol For America :: essays research papers

America, our great country, is strong, powerful, and influential. Americans exemplify positive values, selflessness, hospitality, and the American way of life. The mighty oak tree that stands taller, bigger, and older than all others best represents this grand country. Each part of the tree illustrates a facet of our nation. Shapely emerald leaves covering the tree symbolize the values many Americans hold concerning themselves, others, and their nation. Leaves help the tree grow and flourish just as our value of caring for our neighbors help us to unite and become more successful as a whole. The beautiful shade and distinct shape of these leaves make the tree more attractive and unique. Our values often differ from values of other countries due to cultural contrasts such as with religious, racial, and education issues. We give much more freedom than many other countries do to those of different races and religions. Also, he hold education in a much higher regard than other countries. It is these differences which sometimes make our country seem more appealing to those of foreign lands. Without leaves in the spring, the mighty oak would have no means of nourishment and would die. Our common American values bind us together as one unit just as all the leaves work together to benefit the oak. Without them we would be millions of separate bodies aimlessly wondering about a common ground, and our country would fall to pieces. Thus, there would be no country as there would be no tree. The lonely oak's long, gnarled limbs seem to reach out as far as they can just to touch another tree. One limb reaches far to the east until it finds a maple. Our brave troops fought in the east to fend off the Czechoslovakians and Serbians from nearly defenseless Bosnia. Another limb bends down and softly touches the fresh buds of a young sapling. Many Americans give years of their lives in South Africa to the Peace Corps to touch the lives and hearts of many villagers. Yet another limb seems to branch out in all directions with its twigs reaching both up and down and side to side. Every year, many Americans donate money to the Christian Children's Fund where it is then used to heal, feed, and educate poverty-stricken children all over the world. Just as our branches stretch out, so do our American arms to help those less fortunate.